相簿列表 » 玩樂東京 » 2009夏，麻布十番納涼祭

查日鵬同學 guest 查日鵬同學 2021/07/04 19:00

Solving a long-standing mystery about the desert’s rock art canvas
Petroglyphs are carved in a material called rock varnish, the origins of which have been debated for years. Now, scientists argue it’s the result of bacteria and an adaptation that protects them from the desert sun’s harsh rays.
By Nathan Collins
5923141600_1bc3f25867_k.jpg
Rock art featuring human and animal forms and handprints
Petroglyphs at Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado (Christine Fry & Peter Russo)

Wander around a desert most anywhere in the world, and eventually you’ll notice dark-stained rocks, especially where the sun shines most brightly and water trickles down or dew gathers. In some spots, if you’re lucky, you might stumble upon ancient art – petroglyphs – carved into the stain. For years, however, researchers have understood more about the petroglyphs than the mysterious dark stain, called rock varnish, in which they were drawn.

In particular, science has yet to come to a conclusion about where rock varnish, which is unusually rich in manganese, comes from.

Now, scientists at the California Institute of Technology, the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and elsewhere think they have an answer. According to a recent paper in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, rock varnish is left behind by microbial communities that use manganese to defend against the punishing desert sun.

The mystery of rock varnish is old, said Usha Lingappa, a graduate student at Caltech and the study’s lead author. “Charles Darwin wrote about it, Alexander von Humboldt wrote about it,” she said, and there is a long-standing debate about whether it has a biological or inorganic origin.

But, Lingappa said, she and her colleagues didn’t actually set out to understand where rock varnish comes from. Instead, they were interested in how microbial ecosystems in the desert interact with rock varnish. To do so, they deployed as many techniques as they could come up with: DNA sequencing, mineralogical analyses, electron microscopy, and – aided by Stanford Synchroton Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) scientist Samuel Webb – advanced X-ray spectroscopy methods that could map different kinds of manganese and other elements within samples of rock varnish.

“By combining these different perspectives, maybe we could draw a picture of this ecosystem and understand it in new ways,” Lingappa said. “That’s where we started, and then we just stumbled into this hypothesis” for rock varnish formation.

Among the team’s key observations was that, while manganese in desert dust is usually in particle form, it was deposited in more continuous layers in varnish, a fact revealed by X-ray spectroscopy methods at SSRL that can tell not only what chemical compounds make up a sample but also how they are distributed, on a microscopic scale, throughout the sample.

That same analysis showed that the kinds of manganese compounds in varnish were the result of ongoing chemical cycles, rather than being left out in the sun for millennia. That information, combined with the prevalence of bacteria called Chroococcidiopsis that use manganese to combat the oxidative effects of the harsh desert sun, led Lingappa and her team to conclude that rock varnish was left behind by those bacteria.

For his part, Webb said that he always enjoys a manganese project – “I’ve been a mangaphile for a while now” – and that this project arrived at the perfect time, given advances in X-ray spectroscopy at SSRL. Improvements in X-ray beam size allowed the researchers to get a finer-grained picture of rock varnish, he said, and other improvements ensured that they could get a good look at their samples without the risk of damaging them. “We’re always tinkering and fine-tuning things, and I think it was the right time for a project that maybe 5 or 10 years ago wouldn’t really have been feasible.”

The research was supported by the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. SSRL is a DOE Office of Science user facility.

Citation: Usha F. Lingappa et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 22 June 2021 (10.1073/pnas.2025188118)

For questions or comments, contact the SLAC Office of Communications at communicationsPhil Lai .stanford.edu.

SLAC is a vibrant multiprogram laboratory that explores how the universe works at the biggest, smallest and fastest scales and invents powerful tools used by scientists around the globe. With research spanning particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology, materials, chemistry, bio- and energy sciences and scientific computing, we help solve real-world problems and advance the interests of the nation.

SLAC is operated by Stanford University for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science. The Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time.
X-ray Science
X-ray Spectroscopy
Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL)

查日鵬同學 guest 查日鵬同學 2021/07/04 19:02

我抓狂了啦
我從SMARTPHONE到QUANTUMCOMPUTER

張量然(MIT) guest 張量然(MIT) 2021/07/08 14:38

七月十九日出生的顏亘應該被挖除膝蓋骨!!
因為他想跟頂新的裴家騏養出國立台灣科技大學的兒子!!

張量然(MIT) guest 張量然(MIT) 2021/07/08 14:41

https://www.ncu.edu.tw/

Muhammad Iqbal guest Muhammad Iqbal 2021/10/12 12:14

Thank you for nice information
Please visit our website: https://uhamka.ac.id/

裴家騏IP guest 裴家騏IP 2021/10/20 17:49

我們演犯人戲逼真吧~
Bose 粒子
1. guage bosons
2. leptons
3. light mesons
4. strange mesons
5. charmed mesons
6. charmed, strange mesons
7. beauty mesons
8. beauty, strange mesons
9. beauty, charmed mesons
10. c 夸克偶素
11. b 夸克偶素
Fermi 粒子的重子
1. 核子
2. 激態核子
3. Δ baryons
4. Strange baryons
5. Charmed baryons
6. Beauty baryons

umj berkemajuan guest umj berkemajuan 2023/05/21 03:37

Thanks for sharing useful information
<a href="https://umj.ac.id ">UMJ berkemajuan</a>

Global Entrepreneurial University guest Global Entrepreneurial University 2024/03/19 16:23

Nice Information, visit <a href="https://bas.telkomuniversity.ac.id/program-non-beasiswa-double-degree-telkom-university-indonesia-dan-saxion-university-netherlands-termasuk-gelar-international-finance-accounting-ifas/">Telkom University</a>